\u064a\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 (3 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 (7 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644) \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0645 3 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: “\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a”. \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647. <\/p>\n
University of Khartoum Students’ Union: The Nineth College on Campus
\nAbdullahi A Ibrahim
\nMy paper will be autobiographical accounting for my birth as a public scholar thanks to my involvement in students’ politics at the University of Khartoum between 1960 and 1966. In it, I will acknowledge my indebtedness of this civil education to the university student union to which I was elected to its council in 1962 and served as the secretary of its executive committee in 1963. This is why I have always identified the union as the ionth college on campus.
\nI will discuss how proportional representation, adopted by the students for setting up their union in 1957, caused its leaders to perfect the art of “sleeping with the enemy.” Proportional representation provided any of the students’ political groups with any meaningful following a seat at the table. That arrangement obliged each of us in the leadership to tolerate differences of ideology and work around them. Striking a compromise is the greatest asset in politics. In coming this close to your enemy, you tend to individualize them judging them on merits beyond politics. I will highlight an obituary I wrote on the death of Hafiz al-Sheikh, a Muslim Brother activist, with whom I had had a long-term relation after leaving the university I will also highlight the correspondence I had with Hasan Abdin, a social democrat, I had known in the union context decades after leaving university.
\nIn the paper, I will also show how even my academic research was immensely helped by the feedback I gained from the market of ideas of student politics. My “The Mahdi-Ulema Conflict” (1968), my honors dissertation that ran published into 3 editions, was inspired by a refence made by Mr. Abd al Khalig Mahgoub, the secretary of the Communist Party, in a talk at the students’ union. Again, I picked from Mahgoub a frame of analysis he brought up in a talk at the union to answer a question on my honor history exam. My examiners liked it.
\nMembership of the History Society, a function of the students’ union, opened doors for me to know and interview symbols of the nationalist movement. I had the rare opportunity to meet with Muhammad Abd al Rahim who was not only a historian of the Mahdia, but also a veteran Mahdist who fought in its ranks. He showed us during the visit wounds from shots that almost killed him in the Mahdist wars. Those wounds still glisten in my eyes. I was also fortunate to meets with the Al Tuhami Mohammed Osma, the leader of the 24th of June 1924 demonstration of the White Falg and wrote down his recollections of his days in the movement. The friendship I struck with his amazing family continues to this day.
\nI will also show my indebtedness to the union for financing two student trips I joined to the Nuba Mountains in 1963 and to Nyala and southern Darfur in 1965. The collection of the tea-drinking traditions from Nyala area landed me my job at the Sudan Unit (Institute of African and Asian Studies, later) because the director of the unit listened to the program in which I presented them on Radio Omdurman. He was looking for researchers in that new field in academic pursuit in the university.
\nI will use the occasion to pursue my criticism of the position rife in political and educational circles calling for teaching “trabiyya wataniyya” (civics) in schools. A political document after another has invariably recommended including civics in the school curriculum. The “Tasisiyya” of the recent Nairobi conference is no exception. The merit of this demand aside, those who make it seem to be oblivious to the fact that this education has been the order of the day in high schools and universities since their inception. It did not need to be taught in classes though. Rather it is an extra curriculum activity in that students engage national politics in their unions and various political groupings. It is not only free, but also an experiment in personal growth. The first experiment in teaching civics at schools during Nimeiri regime (1969-1985) was a farce; students were made to read his boring and erratic speeches. And those were the same students who would be demonstrating the day after on the streets wanting him to leave bag and baggage. <\/p>\n
\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 (1960-1966): \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645
\n\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641 \u0630\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629. \u0633\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649\u0651 \u0623\u0646 “\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 (1962-1965) \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f “\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646” \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0639\u064a\u062a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0628.
\n\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f. \u0641\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621” (1968) \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0643\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0631\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u062d\u0644 \u062d\u0632\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a 1965\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628”\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0621”. \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062f\u0631\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629.
\n\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0633\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639. \u0641\u062d\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0632\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0630\u062a\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0643\u0629” \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 1924.
\n\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n
\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 (1962-1963)
\n\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 (\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a)\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a)\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c (\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a)\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629).
\n\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631 (\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629)\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e (\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a)\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0631 (\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0645\u0646\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 (\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a)\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0631 (\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u064a\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 (3 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 (7 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644) \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0645 3 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: “\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":17892,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17891","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-1"],"yoast_head":"\n